Welcome to the December 2005 ILRe-port!
The ILR staff wishes you a blessed Christmas and a Happy New Year!!
It has been our pleasure to work with you in 2005 and we're looking forward to more good times in 2006.
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Important announcements from the ILR
Mapping Genetic Diseases In Camelids 
Call for Participation - see article in this issue.
HIKING and PACKING photos will soon be posted on the IWantALlama.com site - www.iwantallama.com We'll keep you posted so you can CHECK IT OUT!! |
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Events Calendar |
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Have We Learned Anything Over the Last Ten Years?
by Chris Cebra, VMD, MA, MS, DACVM-LA
About two weeks ago, over the course of a couple of days, I discharged four camelids from the clinic (Large Animal Internal Medicine at Oregon State University). All had come in without appetites, thin as rails and at least two could not stand. Two had severe coccidial infections of a type conventionally thought to be benign, one had a red blood cell count about one-sixth the normal and the other had blood values more fitting of a pickle jar than an animal. All four are home and doing well. One has already gained back ten pounds.
The thing that struck me most as I signed off on the discharges was not what a good job we had done, but rather how ten years ago, all four of those camelids would have died. At one point, survival for camelids unable to rise on admission to the clinic was less than 5%, with a fair number of those camelids dying during the initial work-up. Prognosis for inappetant camelids was not much higher. In the meantime, we’ve learned more about their diseases, treatment techniques that do more good than harm, and how to minimize stress during the most critical periods. Some of our advances have come through trial and error in the clinic. Others have come from research.
It is amazing to think how far-ranging the applications of our research have become. Dr. Susan Tornquist opened all our eyes to the pervasiveness of fatty liver, formerly thought to be a disease of the pregnant and lactating. I followed with a series of studies whose titles drip esoteria and rival each other for convoluted verbage. I am frequently asked what is the relevance of these studies? Fat mobilization, glucose clearance, cell surface transporters, hormonal stimulation or suppression: what do any of them mean to a sick camelid? At this juncture, I need only point to the four camelids mentioned above.
In the past, many of the camelids we saw had vague illnesses that were frustratingly progressive. Weight loss and lack of appetite drove the downward spiral. Drops in blood cell counts and protein marked the decline. Recumbency, mental depression and respiratory distress were the final signs. Nothing seemed to help.
We still face this problem, but on a smaller basis. We are able to classify more of these camelids into individual syndromes. Dr. Tornquist’s lab has added blood tests that show us exactly where energy pathways are disrupted. Experience has shown us what these blood tests mean. And this is where the research kicks in. We now have a better idea how to support these sick camelids through their illness.
While we cannot always understand and specifically treat the main disease, at least we can give the patient a fighting chance to get over it by themselves. This s a holistic approach – “holistic” is often used as a buss word of non-traditional medicine, but we all look at the whole animal – and it seems to work.
We certainly cannot work miracles. I still have nothing to offer for the camelid with a ruptured stomach ulcer or advanced cancer of fluke disease, but we can keep on getting better at what we do and making sure the highest percentage of camelids that could survive are given every opportunity to do so.
Reprinted from The Lama Letter, August 2005, newsletter of the Pennsylvania Llama & Alpaca Association who reprinted it from CCLA Newsletter, Vol. 14 No. 1, Winter 2004. Originally in the Llama Letter, January 2004.
Hypothermia: Are You Ready for the Winter?
by David E Anderson, DVM , MS , DACVS
Ohio State University
As we enter the autumn months in North America , my thoughts drift to concerns for care and management of livestock during the often-harsh environmental conditions of winter. In general, llamas and alpacas are well suited to cooler temperatures. After all, winter in the Andes can be trying on the soul if one is not prepared for it. However, camelids are susceptible to extremes of environment, hot (hyperthermia) or cold (hypothermia). The highest risk animals on the farm are very young, very old, very thin, or diseased camelids.
Perhaps the biggest concern we have for hypothermia are newborn crias. Crias are born without the stores of fat needed from which to draw energy to maintain body temperature. Newborns are dependent on the dam's colostrum and milk to provide glucose, fat, and protein. Early and frequent access to these nutrients are critical for the cria to survive the first few days of life. Without the milk fat, crias have a limited ability to maintain body temperature and blood glucose, both of which are necessary to survival. When crias are exposed to extremes of temperature, they must burn energy at a much higher rate to maintain body temperature and the remainder of the body systems may become starved. At some point, the cria is unable to ingest adequate milk to survive and hypothermia begins. These crias are often found down in the pasture in a cushed position with the head and neck extended in front of them on the ground. This posture is designed to close off all areas where heat is lost: around the tail (perineum), between the legs (axilla and groin), the underside of the belly (ventral abdomen), and the base of the neck (sternum and thoracic inlet). At this point and if body heat and energy are not restored quickly, the cria will die from hypothermia and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) within a few hours.
The veterinary community has spent considerable time and energy evaluating risk factors and developing prevention strategies for heat stress. This is time well spent but we must consider both sides of the coin. Several years ago, a new farm lost several alpacas to heat stress. The farm did not have adequate shade and had not sheared the alpacas. When the peak daytime temperatures rose above 90 F and humidity climbed to 80 %, the alpacas could no longer tolerate the extremes and several died before intervention could be instituted. The most significant factor seemed to be that the night time temperature did not fall below around 80 F. Thus, the alpacas could not exhaust the heat build up from the day before. This is bad when you are wearing an alpaca sweater! The next year, the farm manager was determined not to succumb to the same problem and the alpacas were shorn in April of the next year. Unfortunately, a bitter cold spell including freezing temperatures and snowfall hit that area late in April. Eight alpacas were hospitalized for hypothermia and, fortunately, all were saved. I enjoyed watching them walk around with Ohio State sweatshirts on!
These lessons are simple: management and husbandry practices greatly influence an animal's ability to thrive. Consider your farm in light of the following tips for prevention of hypothermia:
1. Shelter: Camelids must be provided with a shelter from which they can seek protection from environmental extremes. These facilities should have sufficient width, length, and height to allow protection from wind. If three-sided shelters are used, a portion of the open side may be enclosed to provide a more effective windbreak. The orientation of the shelter should be such that the open side is not presented to prevailing winds (e.g. in Ohio , shelters face southeast to brace against northwesterly winds). Our research has shown that llamas and alpacas will "loaf" (referring to relaxed cushing rather than seeking shelter for protection) in shelters that provide approximately 36 square feet per animal. During environmental extremes (e.g. cold below 20 F, high wind, hard rain, sleet/ice, heavy snow) llamas and alpacas will utilize shelters at a rate of 18 to 24 square feet per animal. Inadequate shelter space will cause animals to be "left out" without protection from the environment.
a. Remember - the single most important toll to prevent hypothermia is to stay DRY. The second most import is to protect against wind. WET + WIND = HYPOTHERMIA. Thin and young and old animals are the most susceptible to these effects.
2. Bedding: Bedding should be sufficient to help camelids close off their natural thermal windows. Remember, in summer we are trying to increase the thermal window. In winter, our goal is to decrease this thermal window. I prefer straw for this purpose. Straw is inexpensive, clean enough to use for birthing areas, has adequate insulating features, and can be easily cleaned from the floor and fiber coat.
3. Water: Water is a critical nutrient in all seasons. Ingestion of water fluctuates with the temperature of the water. When water is near freezing or frozen, water intake is decreased. Insufficient water intake causes decreased feed intake and the ability to regulate body temperature becomes impaired. In lactating females, milk production suffers and crias will fail to gain weight or will loose weight. If passive waterers are used (e.g. buckets, troughs), the water should be refreshed daily or several times a day as needed. I prefer heated automatic waters to optimize access and decrease labor.
4. Feed: During extremes of cold, camelids have a vital need for energy. I am often asked to consult on farms during winter months because females are loosing weight, crias are not gaining weight, or hypothermia cases have been seen. Many of these problems can be tied to inadequate winter nutrition. Grain feeding may be increased to provide rapidly metabolizable energy sources, but this must be done cautiously. Over feeding of any grain source can cause acidosis in the fermentation chamber (C1) of the stomachs and this will exacerbate the problem. Corn is the "hottest" grain in that it provides the most readily fermentable carbohydrates of the cereal grains, but this also makes corn the most risky for causing acidosis. I prefer to add oats to a winter ration because this feed provides more fiber than corn and is less prone to acidosis. Example: if a herd is feeding a commercial camelid pellet ration at 0.5 lbs per head per day, oats may be added at 0.5 lbs per head per day to increase energy intake. The addition of the oats should occur slowly over two weeks to allow the flora of C1 to adapt to the change in diet. Hay should be analyzed before winter months. I prefer to test each new shipment of hay and make acceptance of the hay contingent upon this analysis. Total digestible nutrient content of the hay should exceed 55% and is most desirable to exceed 60% for winter forage. I recommend that every animal in every herd have a BCS (body condition score) done every month. Loss of body condition score should be addressed quickly unless it can be explained (e.g. females are expected to loose 1 to 1.5 BCS during the first 2 months of lactation).
5. Feeding: Providing adequate quality of feed is only one-half of the story. Providing adequate access to feed is the other. In regions where heavy snowfall occurs and in areas where ice storms are common, camelids must be able to gain access to feed. In these situations, I prefer to offer feed inside of the shelter so that animals are not required to walk to a different location to get feed. Camelids will opt for protection against environmental extremes rather that eat or may eat for fewer hours each day. For farms that have barns this is rarely an issue. Farms using three-sided shelters may have a more difficult time providing sheltered feed.
6. Ventilation: During summer months, high ventilation is desired. During winter months, ventilation remains important. When shelters are "battened down" for the winter, we must be careful not to over-insulate the interior. Camelids tend to urinate and defecate inside of shelters. Who can blame them - nobody likes a draft in the bathroom! If ventilation is too restricted in winter housing, ammonia and other gases from the dung pile buildup and can contribute to winter pneumonia and poor thriving crias. As always, hygiene is the key to success.
7. Shearing: Talking about shearing for winter seems strange at first, but what I am referring to here is 'when did you shear and how is your fiber growing'. Last year, I worked with a herd that had not been able to shear until late in July. Although nutrition was adequate, there was not much room to spare. The fiber coats had not grown well enough before winter to provide adequate protection from the wind. Examination of the herd revealed a suboptimal herd BCS (average 4 out of 10) and approximately 25% of the herd had subnormal rectal temperatures (average of hypothermic alpacas 98 F). Although this temperature was not acutely critical, the chronic environmental stress decreased immunity, decreased lactation, and caused weight loss. Nutrition and sheltering had to be addressed quickly and within a few weeks the problem had stabilized. Unfortunately, the affected alpacas required over 1 year to fully recover.
8. Maternity: Two important concerns for newborns are cleanliness and warmth. Females have been known to give birth in open fields in the snow when they do not have access to a clean shelter in which to birth. These crias are at high risk for hypothermia if shelter is not provided. In our research, females that had access to a 14 x 16 foot shelter rarely gave birth inside of that shelter in either winter or summer. We assume that the reason for this was the presence of a dung pile in the shelter and a perception by the female that the environmental stress was too great. When females had access to a 25 x 60 foot shelter, the females always gave birth inside of the shelter despite the presence of two dunging areas within the shelter. We assume that the surface area of the shelter was large enough to allow criation and overcome the females concern for the presence of dung piles.
9. Stocking densities: Stocking density refers to the number of animals per unit area. I recommend that farm stocking density be no more than 5 llamas or 7 alpacas per acre of land for grazing to maximize forage utilization and minimize parasite burdens on pastures. In winter, grazing is not an issue for most farms because the animals will voluntarily congregate around hay feeders and shelters. Hygiene becomes a vital concern. Our research has shown that a minimum of 12 inches is required for bunker feeders to allow simultaneous feedings. However, this results in failure to feed by many of the submissive animals. Bunker space of 24 inches per head resulted in fewer submissive animals being excluded. Hay feeder space is equally important. Camelids may spend 8 hours or more feeding on hay each day. If limited feeder space is available, submissive animals will not be able to ingest enough hay to maintain weight and will be more prone to hypothermia.
10. Parasites: Often, winter is thought to provide a "reprieve" from parasites that can not survive the harsh cold and failure of eggs to hatch into infective larvae. This is true for most intestinal parasites. However, winter is fertile ground for transmission of some parasites (e.g. coccidia, whipworms, lice, mange, skin fungus) because of close animal-to-animal contact and diminished hygiene. Heavy parasite burdens cause stress to the animal and may decrease their ability to tolerate environmental extremes.
Treatment of hypothermia involves warmth, nutrition, and correction of underlying problems (e.g. milk supplements for crias whose dam is not lactating). Critical hypothermia occurs when core body temperature drops below 90 F. Consider the following treatments:
1. Protection. Get the animal into a well-insulated, preferably heated area.
2. Warmth. Wrap the animal in heated blankets. Using a heat lamp in a cold stall can be detrimental because the direct heat causes dilation of the surface blood vessels, which can exacerbate heat loss. By incubating the animal in a warm blanket, heat loss in prevented.
3. Time. Avoid too rapid heating. Warming a critically cold animal up too quickly can cause as much harm as the hypothermia because of altered blood flow and liberation of potassium and organic acids that built up during the period of poor blood flow caused by hypothermia. These can cause the heart to stop!
4. Energy. Intravenous administration of electrolytes and glucose are most useful. If an IV line is not available, glucose or other carbohydrate syrups (e.g. honey, fructose, and maple syrup) may be fed orally or may be inserted into the rectum. Yes, that's right! Camelids can absorb glucose from the rectum if there is adequate blood flow. All liquid supplements should be warmed to approximately 95 to 100 F.
5. Oxygen. Always a useful supplement to debilitated animals, but particularly useful to critically hypothermic animals.
6. Steroids. This is controversial because of camelids sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Our research suggests that dexamethasone should not be used in camelids. Prednisone type steroids may be safely used for short periods at modest dosages (e.g. not exceeding 1 mg/kg twice daily for 2 days).
7. Ulcers. I recommend prophylactic use of antiulcer medications for high-risk camelids. I prefer omeprazole (2 to 4 mg/kg, orally, once or twice daily).
8. Nutrition. Encourage the camelid to eat themselves back to health.
9. Stress. Companion animals are always welcome! Treat any underlying disease, parasites, etc.
10. Recovery. The effects of damage from hypothermia may not be fully realized for a day or two. These animals must be kept under constant vigil for 3 to 5 days to be sure other complications will not be suffered (e.g. diarrhea, depression, etc.).
Although heat stress is of great concern to camelids residing in North America , cold stress is equally important. Forethought and preparation will help you keep your llamas and alpacas from being caught with their fur coat down!
This continuing education article is provided by the International Camelid Institute. Consider making a donation today by contacting Karen Longbrake at phone 614-688-8160, fax 614-292-7185, e-mail longbrake.1@osu.edu, or www.internationalcamelidinstitute.org.
Reprinted from Ohio State University’s CamelidMed Electronic News
Mapping Genetic Diseases In Camelids
by D. Andrew Merriwether
Call for Participation:
I have started a DNA bank for future use mapping potentially genetic diseases and phenotypic traits in alpacas and other camelids. Now that the alpaca genome project is almost finished, we will have at least a rough road map of the alpaca genome to start searching for genes involved in camelid health, disease, and various phenotypes. To this end I thought it would be prudent to start banding blood samples from any animals that have any unusual traits, or are born with defects (even born dead). I currently have grants in review to map the genes for camelid coat and skin color, and to map the Suri allele, with the goal of developing genetic tests to offer the industry. If I can accumulate enough samples (blood or tissue, and fiber), I will submit grants to map the gene(s) for choanal atresia (CA) and wry face, and polydactyly. To do this, I need blood or tissue samples from the animals born with CA or wry face, and polydactyly, as well as from the dam and sire (if possible), and ideally also from other unaffected siblings. This would all be strictly confidential. I have already received dozens of samples, but will need 50-100 cases and their partners for each trait to map any of these. Llamas are fine also. The animals do not have to be registered. It would help me to have any vet information describing the condition, and if any of the animals (affected or not) have ILR, ARI, or CLCC numbers it would help me to have them as well. Again, this is strictly confidential. I am not restricting it to these problems. I have collected samples from polydactyl animals and animals with multiple limbs, as well as animals with nursing problems. If anyone has run into this, or does run into it in the future, I would appreciate receiving samples. In general, I am interested in any potentially disease-related phenotypes or unusual non-disease-related phenotypes (traits). I will be happy to talk to anyone about this on the phone or by e-mail. Phone at home is 607-785-8226; lab is 607-777-6707; e-mail is andym@binghamton.edu
Background on me:
I am currently an associate professor of anthropology and biology at Binghamton University (since 2002). I have a BA in Medical Anthropology, a BS in Biology, an MS in Genetics, a PH.D. in Human Genetics, and three years postdoctoral training at the Keck Center for Advanced Training in Computational Biology. I was an assistant professor in two departments and two centers at the University of Michigan from 1996-2002 (Anthropology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, the Center for Statistical Genetics, and the Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases (MACEPID).
With my wife, Ann Merriwether (Faculty in Psychology Dept. and in the School of Human Development at Binghamton University ), I co-own Nyala Farm Alpacas, where we currently have 23 alpacas (22 Huacayas and a demonstration model Suri, with two more due this year). We have owned alpacas for about three years now. I have served on the Alpaca Research Foundation Board of directors, the ARI genetics committee under Shauna Brummet, and the Breed Standards Committee for the Empire Alpaca Association. Ann and I have written numerous articles on alpaca genetics for various alpaca and camelid trade journals.
Conflict of Interest: I hope to develop commercial tests to test for the presence of various traits and diseases that I think will benefit the industry and be desirable to camelid owners and breeders. I also hope some of them will benefit me financially someday as well, but if not, I love solving a good mystery.
Reprinted from the Hoosier Llama and Alpaca Association newsletter, Hoosier Hummer, September 2005, Vol. 11, No. 2
So, What Do YOU Do With a Llama?
by Sheila Fugina
Your eyes probably glaze over when you hear, “What do you do with a llama?” for about the umpteenth time. I know mine do. It’s easy to just rattle off the standard list of uses – packing, fiber, pets, showing, cart driving, etc. But, really, what do you do with your llamas? Could you do more? Do you want to do more? Do you want o offer a bigger list of possibilities to potential buyers?
We opened a bed and breakfast when we first got out llamas and were living in a 110-year-old brick farmhouse with five bedrooms. It was perfect spot for metro area folks who needed a break from the rat race – a breath of country close to the city, promised on our brochure. The llamas and bed and breakfast were a great combination.
It set us apart form other B and Bs in the region, and it also provided us a unique spot in the llama community. Our guests had the option of eating in the dining room or having their breakfast packed on one of our llamas so they could head to the pond in our woods for a private, peaceful start to their day.
Many guests simply wanted to take the llamas for a walk, shooting lots of photos along the way. That led to other requests for short hikes for special occasions (one romantic soul wanted to propose marriage to his intended while strolling with a llama). Several guilds and clubs asked to hold their meetings on our big front porch, arranging for me to serve refreshments and then provide a tour and presentation about the llamas. Countless groups – from preschoolers to senior citizens – booked field trips to our llama farm. It got so that when the llamas heard a big bus lumbering up the road, they all ran to the fence along our driveway to see which group it was this time. When we moved we sold our breakfast toting llamas to another B and B in the area, and they continued to attract new guests.
Depending on where you live and what you’re willing to do, at least some o those options might work for you. You need to set a fee schedule that takes into account the time involved and what you provide (food, souvenirs, etc.) I also had a small gift shot set up on the porch of our bed and breakfast where guest of groups could browse. Though I wasn’t taking advantage of my llamas’ fiber then as I am now, you could offer everything from raw fiber and roving to felting kits and items made of llama and alpaca fiber. Llama note cards, small stuffed llama toys, anything even vaguely llama related would be appropriate. It’s also a great opportunity to market your handmade items.
If you have some other potential tourist attraction in your gene4ral area, such as a cheese factory, antique store, winery, etc., you might think about putting together a day – tour your llama farm, another attraction or two, and a stop at a local restaurant for lunch. Talk to your local tourist bureau or convention center to find out who offers bus tours in your area. Some are geared for senior citizens and others for spouses of those attending conventions or business meetings in the region. You can be paid either a flat fee per tour or on a per person basis. Think about what you could offer – a general presentation on llamas, a chance for questions and answers, and a tour of your farm (as well as that gift shop you already set up.)
My husband’s cousin asked to bring a bunchy of city kids to our farm for her daughter’s birthday party (and pay me!) so we planned some fun llama related games and activities, and I put together goodie bags for each guest to take home, I included llama candy, fiber and instructions for making felt balls, llama coloring sheets or work puzzles (depending on the ages of the guests), and some general llama information. Thus was born my llama birthday party business. Parties were held outdoors when possible and usually included taking llamas through a simple obstacle course, or at least on a short walk. We also had a small barn used for mothers and crias there was perfect for seating guests on straw bales and playing games and making crafts inside if it was windy or cold. I set a base price for six children and then charged a set fee for each additional child. (You also want groups to bring an adult for every three or four children.)
Though we no longer operate a bed and breakfast at our new location, I still offer a variety of tours and field trips, and I donate an occasional llama birthday party to a school raffle or other fund raising activity. We have gotten much more into public relations activities and provide a llama or two for special events throughout the year, usually for businesses but also for private gatherings. Someone read the notice about our recent llama farm open house, for example, and topped by specifically to see if we would bring a llama to the grand opening of their new business . . . At that same open house we sold two of our PR boys to a couple who want to use them in therapy work. They were impressed that the boys had been inside buildings and that they traveled so well in a mini an. Though we certainly don’t trail all our llamas to go on outing in a mini van, we always make sure we have some PR animals on hand.
I don’t do any cart driving myself, but I have several friends who do. One of them hires out his cart and team to drive grand marshals and local celebrities in parades. Sometimes a business hires him to carry their advertising on his cart, and he has driven numerous wedding couples from church to the reception in a beautifully decorated buggy with a matched team decked out in shiny harnesses and feathery plumes.
An older gentleman who has boarded a gelding here for seven years (a llama that he bought from me) now wants to buy and board one of my young half-Argentinean males born this past spring. He will never move out of the city and simply enjoys owning llamas and taking drives to our farm to visit them. I think there is a large, untapped market for selling llamas to city folds along with a boarding agreement. You need to live within a reasonable distance of your buyers, probably not more than an hour or so, and you need to be clear on terms and visiting arrangements. In the event that they should ever move to a location where they would want their llama with them, your contract should be clear that they need to have a second llama as a companion. (And then have several to offer them if the time ever comes.) People buy and board houses all the time. I don’t know why it can’t work just as well with llamas. If they join a llama organization, and you keep them aware of various llama events in your area, maybe they’ll decide to get into showing, packing, nursing home visits, and other activities with their llamas.
Llamas are capable of doing so many things. I heard of a tree farm owner who trained his llamas to pull evergreens out of the woods on a plastic sled once families have found and cut the perfect Christmas tree. Apple orchards and wineries, too, could benefit from resident llamas, and they could probably write them off in their advertising budgets. I knew a professional clown who used one of her llamas in her clowning jobs, and the llama had his own clown suit and identity. What we do with llamas is not so much limited by the llamas as by our own imaginations. The next time someone asks what you can do with a llama, see if you can come up with some new answers. You might even try some of them.
Reprinted from the ORVLA Newsletter, Topline, May 2005, Vol. 19, No. 2 who reprinted it from the LANA newsletter, Winter 2004.
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