ILRe-port July 2005

2005 Annual Meeting

The 2005 ILR Annual Meeting was held at the Llama Association of North America (LANA) annual conference in Plymouth, California on Friday, June 24. The board members, Karen Baum, Kathi McKinney, Sally Taylor, Sally Rucker, and Mark Smith and Registar, Jan Wassink, also met for face-to-face meetings at the conference. See more details in the articles to follow.

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Events Calendar
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ILR Board Face-to-Face Meeting and Annual Meeting 2005
by Jan Wassink, ILR Registrar

The ILR Board of Directors and ILR Registrar met in Sutter Creek, CA July 22 – 24, 2005, for their annual face-to-face meeting. Sutter Creek is near Plymouth, CA which was the location of the 2005 LANA Expo (Llama Association of North America) where the ILR held its 2005 Annual Meeting on Friday, June 24.

The ILR board welcomed its newest board member, Mark Smith, who was elected to fulfill the one year vacancy left by the resignation of Art Kennel. As the top vote getter in the 2005 ILR election, Karen Baum was elected to a new five-year term.

The face-to-face was a productive time to review the ILR financial reports and to discuss possibilities for the future direction of the Registry. The current contract for the administration of the American Miniature Llama Association (AMLA) was reviewed and it was noted the AMLA is pleased with the way the process is working. However, it was pointed out by the Registrar that there are still improvements that can be made. Various other opportunities for diversification of the Registry administration were examined. Among those is the New Zealand Registry which has communicated to the ILR that they have made a decision to contract with the ILR to provide registration for its members on-line. The implementation of that process is underway. There was also discussion regarding the contract with the Suri Llama Association to provide registry services for their members. The ILR board approved the contract as presented with a couple of minor additions. The reality of economies of scales realized by the ILR through providing services to other registries is very real and results in a win-win situation for all and is definitely worth pursuing.

The Annual Meeting was a productive time where Registrar, Jan Wassink, presented a Power Point presentation on the state of the Registry which included information regarding memberships, registrations and general trends as reflected by business conducted with the Registry by llama owners. The data highlighted that the majority of owners of registered llamas own three to four llamas as opposed to large herds. It was noted the llama industry has moved from being primarily a breeders’ market to a users’ market. It was emphasized that the ILR must continue to work toward meeting the challenge of providing registry services needed by all of its members–whether they are a breeder with a herd of hundreds of animals or a user with a single llama.

Guard Llamas
by The International Guard Llama Committee – 1995: Doyle Markham, Chair, primary author; Pat Hilton; Darlene Hochspring; Dan Schreiner; John Tompkins; Gale Yohe

Editorial Note: This information is brochure #2 in a complete set of informational brochures available at the ILR office. Contact us for copies for your events or check out the ILR website for a complete list of brochures available to view, print and/or order at www.lamaregistry.com/Forms/materials_order.php.

Llamas, who are long-lived, can provide an effective, long-term and economical alternative for predator control in a variety of farm and ranch conditions. Sheep and goat producers currently using llamas to guard their flocks are experiencing high levels of protection from predators.

The information presented here is drawn from data collected through questionnaires and interviews with users of guard llamas. Although recent surveys demonstrate that guard llamas are effective in preventing livestock losses to predators, scientific surveys and controlled studies, which track losses to predators in flocks with and without guard llamas are needed.

While bears, cougars, bobcats, foxes and eagles are predators of sheep and goats and may be responsible for substantial loss, a 1990 report showed that coyotes caused 64% and dogs 14% losses. Previous studies conducted in the western United States indicated that 76-100% of predator losses were due to coyotes. Coyotes also account for over 50% of predator losses to goats in the top five producing states.

In the West, where most predator losses occur, an average 1-2.5% of the ewes and 1-9% of the lambs are killed annually. Twenty to 25% of producers sustained losses that exceeded 10% of their lambs, with some producers experiencing losses of 16% and higher.

Annual sheep losses to predators in the United States were estimated at $21.7 million in 1990 and as high as $32-83 million in previous years. Loss of goats to predators in the top five producing states was $5.6 million in 1990.

Using llamas as sheep guards in North America began in the early 1980s and some sheep producers have used llamas successfully for that entire time. The use of guard llamas has greatly increased since a magazine article in 1990, when national attention was drawn to the potential use of llamas for guarding sheep.

Llamas have proven to be very effective against canines, especially dogs and coyotes. Over half of the llamas guarding sheep are 100% effective, completely eliminating losses. Many of these producers previously suffered losses of over a hundred lambs per year. Some have not suffered a loss to predators in two to ten years after purchasing guard llamas. An additional 40-45% of the guard llamas were highly effective in dramatically reducing predator losses. Only 5-10% of the guards were ineffective.

Although llamas have been credited by producers with eliminating or reducing losses to large predators such as bears and mountain lions, some predators may be too large or too aggressive for the llama. Llamas have been known to alert herders of large predator attacks.

Training – No training or previous association with sheep or goats is required for a llama to be an effective guard llama.

Age – Llamas of a variety of ages at the time of initial introduction have proven to be effective guards. Using llamas younger than one year is not recommended.

Sex – Although intact male llamas are effective guards, gelded llamas are recommended. Intact males may attempt to breed the ewes, and could cause deaths or injuries. Gelding a mature intact llama should be completed several months before introducing him to the flock to assure he has lost interest in breeding. Too few individual female llamas are guarding sheep to warrant conclusions on their effectiveness. Females are very aggressive toward strange canines and placing several female llamas with sheep in smaller pastures has prevented predation of sheep.

Ratio – A single llama per flock is more effective than two or more llamas. Several male llamas tend to bond with one another rather than with the sheep or goats and may ignore the flock.

Method of introduction – At first sheep or goats may be afraid of the llama, and the llama may be cautions of the sheep or goats. Ideally, a llama should be introduced to the sheep while they are in a corral or small pasture rather than on open range or large pasture. The llamas should remain in a small area until the sheep and llama seem well-adjusted and attached to each other. This encourages bonding between the sheep and llama. A llama introduced in this manner will be more effective as a guard against predators.

Some llamas appear to bond more quickly to sheep or goats if they are introduced just prior to lambing. Research to date has shown that the presence of lambs or kids at the time of introduction did not influence the eventual effectiveness of the guard llamas. Many sheep and goat producers indicate a special bond quickly develops between lambs and their guard llama and that the llama is particularly protective of the lambs.

Some newly-introduced llamas are comfortable around people and may actually seek out human companionship. Livestock producers should avoid contact with this type of llama and not allow the new llama to become attached to people. The llama needs to bond with the sheep or goats.

Many llamas have successfully guarded 200 to 1,000 sheep in a variety of pasture situations. The optimum number that one llama can guard has not bee established and may depend on several factors, such as terrain, vegetation, size of pasture and density of predators. Although llamas have been effective in guarding sheep grazing in forests and on open ranges, insufficient data exists to make firm conclusions relative to their effectiveness in this environment.

Llamas eat the same food as sheep and goats. The producer does not need to provide special care or individually feed the llamas each day as they do dogs. Llamas have a well-deserved reputation for having good health and few medical problems. Their calm disposition helps them avoid injury in the field.

If sheep and goat producers provide an effective health protection program for their flocks, they can usually use the same regimen of vaccinations, worming and hoof trimming (toe nails for llamas), etc. for the llama. This usually includes C&D clostridia diseases and tetanus vaccinations at the same dose per pound as sheep. Worming can be accomplished by injectable or pour-on bovine Ivermectin or common oral worming pastes. In humid areas with large populations of whitetail deer, meningeal worms may be a problem to llamas. Guard llama owners are encouraged to purchase a book on llama health care or obtain informational pamphlets from the International Lama Registry.

Although llamas with short to medium fiber may never need to be shorn, llamas with longer fiber may need to be shorn every year or two. Llamas may suffer tick paralysis and, if ticks are common in their area, owners should be alert to the llama’s condition during tick season. Llamas may be afforded protection during the brief tick season by administering Ivermectin.

Llamas often live to be over 20 years of age. Although data on longevity of llamas used for guards is limited, llamas in their late teens are continuing to be effective guards.

Llamas have a very low mortality as guards. The Iowa State University study reported the mortality of only 5% of the 204 guard llamas in their study. In contrast a national survey by the U.S. Sheep Experiment Station in Dubois , Idaho , has shown that 50% of guard dogs on ranches died within 18 months of introduction and 50% of those on farms died within 38 months. The U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, which developed and promoted methods for the use of guard dogs, has purchased llamas to guard their experimental flocks.

Most llamas have an innate dislike for canines. When a llama is placed with a flock, he often becomes much more protective as he begins to bond with the flock and to establish and protect a territory.

Most guard llamas stay continually with the flock and prevent it from dispersing widely. They often seek an elevated area from which to watch the flock when it is spread out grazing. A minority of the guards will stay separated, though near the flocks. Many llamas take complete control of the flock keeping them together and moving them to feed, water or shelter.

Llamas are extremely alert and notice most things that happen in or near the pasture. Llamas use a variety or combination of methods to protect the sheep or goats. They may immediately run or walk after a coyote or dog with the intention to either stomp or hit the predator with their legs or chest. They may place themselves between the coyote or dog and the sheep or goats. They may also herd the sheep into a safe area or corner or they may prevent the flock from entering an area where a predator is located. Some llamas will sound their alarm call, a high pitched, pulsating vocalization, during these activities or as soon as they see a predator. Some llamas have been reported to display extraordinary protective behavior such as herding the sheep to safety during snow, seeking help when needed, and lying down by newborn babies to protect them from wind and weather.

Although llamas may initially be aggressive toward the family dog or herding dogs that the producer uses to move the flock, they usually learn to tolerate their presence. It is not unusual for the guard llama to chase herding dogs if they cause the lambs to continually cry out. It is recommended that guard llamas and guard dogs not be used in the same flock.

Llamas have been successfully used to protect animals such as cattle and exotic deer. Some producers have effectively used llamas to protect their emus or ostriches by constructing a fenced run around the perimeter of their bird pens for the llama. Data regarding these other types of animals has not yet been collected.

While further studies need to be conducted to determine the physical, behavioral and breeding characteristics that make the best guards, llamas of many different sizes make effective guardians. A llama significantly larger than the sheep or goats would have some advantages in seeing and frightening predators away from the flock.

Llamas with long body and/or leg fiber may need special attention. More frequent shearing may be required as their wool collects burrs, twigs and debris.

Llamas train very easily. Training greatly facilitates their loading, moving and ease of administration of medications, as well as the working and loading of sheep or goats. Llamas that halter, lead and load easily and also permit handling of their body and legs will be easier to manage.

Llamas that have bonded to humans due to bottle feeding or excessive handling may not make good guards, especially in the proximity of humans.

Guard llamas often drastically reduce, or in some cases, completely eliminate predator losses. The value of livestock saved each year often exceeds the initial cost of the llama and the small annual maintenance. Even for the small producer, a llama is economical when cost is amortized over the llama’s effective guard life. Llamas live a long time, have low maintenance, require no training, and protect the flock from other environmental hazards. In addition to increasing profits, they also decrease costs associated with traditional predator control methods used by federal agencies. Guard llamas provide an acceptable environmental method to prevent predation.

- Economical protection
- No need to have previous association with sheep or goats
- No special food requirements
- Don't interfere with traditional control methods
- Extremely effective
- Supported by animal rights and environmental groups
- No training required
- Environmentally acceptable
- Potentially effective for 10 to 20 years

1. National Agricultural Statistics Service. 1991. Sheep and Goat Predator Loss. Washington , D.C. 12 pp.
2. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 1978. Predator Damage in the West: A Study of Coyote Management Alternatives. Washington , D.C. 168 pp.
3. Wagner, F.H. 1988. Predator Control and the Sheep Industry. Regina Books, Claremont , CA. 230 pp.
4. Markham, D. 1990. Llamas, the Ultimate Sheep Guard. Llamas Magazine, Sept. 4: 101-105.
5. Franklin , W.L. and K.J. Powell. 1993. Guard Llamas. Iowa State University , Ames . Extension Bulletin Pm- 1527. 12 pp.
6. Markham, D. 1992. Llamas, Effective Sheep Guards. The Shepherd, Aug. 37: 18-19.
7. Markham , D. 1993 Warning to Coyotes: This Sheep Ranch is Guarded by Llamas. Rocky Mountain Feed and Livestock Journal, Jan. 19:29-33.
8. Johnson, R. 1992. Brave Beast Keeps Coyotes at Bay for Sheep Rancher. The Denver Post, April 21.
9. Green, J.S. and R.A. Woodruff. 1989. Producers Rate Their Guard Dogs. National Wool Grower, April. 79:6-10.
10. Markham, D. 1990. Llamas, the Ultimate Sheep Guard. Llamas Are The Ultimate. Snake River Llamas, Idaho Falls , ID. 286 pp.
11. Acknowledgment. Glen Frame’s willingness to share his long-term experiences in utilizing llamas as guards.

Health Care of the Geriatric Llama and Alpaca
by Murray E. Fowler, DVM Professor Emeritus, University of California Davis, California

Intense breeding of llamas has been conducted in North America for over 25 years. While alpaca breeding began more recently, the principles to be discussed apply to them as well. Many older generation llamas are entering their golden years. In other livestock enterprises, aging, nonproductive animals are usually culled from the herd, as they are non-profitable. Llama owners are not usually willing to accept culling as an alternative and now consult with veterinarians to deal with the special problems of aging llamas. Small animal practitioners deal with geriatric pets routinely, now those who deal with llamas and alpacas are often asked to provide such service.

All living organisms pass through a life cycle of genesis, growth, reproduction, maintenance, regression and death. Just as surely as there is birth and reproduction, organ systems eventually wear out and body shape and organ functions change.

All organ systems age, but, changes in some are more dramatic than in others. This discussion is limited to a few systems, including dental, skeletal, reproductive, special senses and the immune system.

Dental
There are two stages in the life of a llama when dental problems are likely to occur: When the permanent cheek teeth erupt (3.5 - 5 years) and, after a lifetime of chewing and grinding that wear teeth. The precise age when teeth become worn varies, but is determined by the type of feed provided over the years, inherent dental quality and occlusion of teeth.

Malocclusion of teeth is more common in alpacas than llamas, but is a problem that arises in both species. Breeders desiring and expecting longevity in their animals should be advised to select breeding stock with sound dental anatomy. Pre-purchase examinations should include a thorough dental examination consisting of the following: Procurement of a history of dental disease or surgery (trimming the incisors, disarming the canines); visual evaluation for malocclusion; palpation of the mandibles and maxilla for bony involvement or missing teeth; as complete an oral examination as possible. Llama and alpaca teeth normally have sharp enamel points on the lingual (tongue) aspect of the lower jaws and cheek aspect of the upper jaws. Dental flotation is not indicated unless evidence of lacerations of the cheek or tongue is substantiated by visual inspection or loss of a tooth results in overgrowth of the opposite tooth.

The dental conditions seen in older llamas and alpacas include excessive wear, uneven wear (wave mouth), loss of a tooth or teeth, gingival disease, tooth abscesses, grass awn accumulation in the mouth and oral laceration.

Clinical signs of dental disease : Weight loss, abnormal chewing, quidding (spitting out wads of partially chewed feed), abrupt cessation of chewing as if a sudden pain has struck, partially chewed fibers in fecal pellets, swellings on the jaws or over the maxillary teeth roots, odor or discharge from a nostril, apparent sensitivity to drinking cold water and visibly worn or deformed teeth.

Diagnosis : A thorough examination of the mouth may require sedation. Llamas are unable to open the mouth widely and are reluctant to allow a thorough examination. Missing teeth may be detected by palpation through the cheek. Radiographs may be required for a definitive evaluation. Oblique views are required to visualize all arcades.

Management : The challenge is to make a diagnosis, provide a prognosis, correct specific diseases, or recommend making it easier for the animal to be nourished by providing more easily chewed feed. Heated water should be provided in the winter in cold climates. If weight loss is observed, increase the proportion of concentrates in the diet.

Skeletal System
Llamas used for packing may experience more wear and tear on the skeletal system than breeders. Animals with basic conformational weakness are more prone to unsoundness in later life. Expect to see changes in conformation of older animals. A female that has produced numerous crias may develop lordosis (Sway back) in her old age. The lordosis may intensify as term nears, and may return to near normal following delivery.

Likewise, the stretching of tendons and ligaments may cause a llama to be over at the knees (buck kneed) or down in the fetlock. It is important to evaluate such conformation defects in a proper light, related to circumstance. Such faults present in a young female, should raise concern in regard to breeding this female and perpetuating a fault. However, results of normal wear and tear are not usually of genetic origin.

Each skeletal condition should be evaluated as to impact on function, presence of pain and whether or not corrective measures are possible. Degenerative changes and bony spurs may occur in any joint including those of the spine (spondylosis). Spondylosis may be present as an incidental finding, but trauma and/or calcium/:phosphorus imbalance may exacerbate the condition. Young animals with conformation faults are more prone to suffer degenerative changes and calcification of collateral ligaments as they age, because of asymmetrical wear on joint surfaces or tangential forces from improper angulation. Older llamas may move about more slowly or stiffly as a result of pain, but they may also prefer to conserve energy and be naturally more sedate.

There may be reluctance to roll in the dust bath or the head, neck or body may be held in peculiar positions. They may be stiff when first arising in the morning or after prolonged recumbency, have unnecessarily frequent and/or prolonged periods of recumbency, or resist turning one way or the other when being led. The head may not be held upright. Lameness, frequent resting of the head and neck on fences or feed bunks, constant shifting of weight from one leg to another may be observed. Affected llamas may graze while lying down.

Management : Attempt to identify specific conditions and deal with them, if treatable. However, in many cases there is little a veterinarian can do. Use caution in placing llamas on long-term anti-inflammatory or antiarthritic drugs, which may produce significant untoward side effects (production of stomach ulcers). However, some llamas have been on long-term phenylbutazone therapy for years (L. Johnson, personal communication). Make the animal as comfortable possible with bedding, sandy or grassy spots in cool shaded areas.

From a preventive standpoint, select animals that are well conformed to begin with and keep feet trimmed properly. Animals that must compensate for mechanical instability are more prone to develop skeletal unsoundness.

Vision and hearing
Vision and hearing may diminish. Senile cataracts occur in most species, but have not yet been reported in llamas or alpacas. Llamas and alpacas are both visual and auditory in their social communication, yet animals with impaired vision and/or hearing may function admirably in a familiar enclosure. Problems have been noted when such animals have been shifted to unfamiliar enclosures or grouped with strangers. Be perceptive and aware of changes that may be occurring in your animals.

Immunity, metabolism and organ function
Little is known about the immune system of llamas and even less about the immunology of the aging llama. In humans and other domestic animals, old individuals have shown diminished resistance to disease. What might be a mild, easily treated infection in a 5-year-old llama may become a major battle for a 25-year-old. In human medicine, old age may be the most common form of immune deficiency. Drugs may not be metabolized as readily, thus are either less effective or may become more toxic. Greater caution must be exercised with anesthesia, because diminished liver and kidney function may slow metabolism of anesthetic agents.

Elderly humans may have lost approximately 30% of kidney function without ever having experienced specific kidney disease. The cardiovascular system is not as efficient in old animals, nor is respiratory function.

Feeding and nutrition
Aside from the feeding problems associated with dental disorders, older animals have lower requirements for energy and protein. Overfeeding is a risk for older animals. On the other hand, requirements for vitamins may be slightly higher. Periodic weighing and diet modification may help to keep older llamas in optimum condition. A diet of equal parts alfalfa pellets, whole cottonseed and flaked corn with 1 percent molasses has proven to be an effective geriatric supplement when fed up to 50 percent of the dry matter intake plus free-choice forage, (L. Johnson, personal communication).

Reproductive performance
Ideally, a healthy llama female could produce a cria every year from the time she is two until she is 20, but that is not likely to happen. A few females have produced 17 crias, but a more realistic average would be 8 - 12. Many factors determine productivity, and the aging process is one of them. Llamas do not experience a menopause, so pregnancy may occur into old age. In old age, llamas may die from some other cause with a fetus in the uterus.

However, ovarian function may wane or cease entirely. The age at which this occurs is highly variable and may be genetically influenced in llamas and alpacas, as it is in all other domestic animals.

Reproductive function is a fine-tuned balance of hormonal influences on healthy organs such as the ovaries and uterus. The endocrine system may undergo diminished activity with aging as do other organs. The ovaries may have a finite number of potential follicles present at birth. When those follicles have been expended or prevented from developing due to scarring there will be no more crias. In addition, a female may be receptive to a male, but insufficient luteinizing hormone is produced to cause ovulation. Or, if ovulation does take place, insufficient progesterone may be produced to maintain pregnancy. Many old llamas and alpacas are able to carry the fetus to term without intervention, but in some instances the female must be supplemented with progesterone to bring the pregnancy to term. Successful reproduction in a female llama over 16-18 years of age may be a hit and miss affair. Even less is known about the reproductive longevity of male llamas than is known of females, however, there are males known to be successful breeders well into their 20s. Arthritis may have a dramatic negative effect on libido.

Evaluation of senile infertility : The signs of senile infertility are no different from signs of infertility encountered in younger animals. More time and effort may be necessary to evaluate an older animal to establish whether or not a specific health problem exists or if the reproductive tract is fully functional. A single visit evaluation is not likely to provide any meaningful information for management of the older female. Repeated, or even daily, examination may be required to evaluate the function of the ovaries. Evaluation of hormone levels is now possible.

Crias from older females : Crias born to aged dams may be denied adequate milk, because mammary gland function may also diminish with age, due to scarring and inadequate hormonal balance. The quality and quantity of colostrum of aged animals may be suspect, because of diminished immune function.

No one has found a magical elixir to maintain perpetual youth. The speed of development of dental problems may be slowed by proper feeding. Regular nail trimming may minimize the development of arthritis and conformational faults. Regular health examinations may uncover diseases before they become chronic and debilitating. Diet should be reevaluated periodically.

Llama owners want their charges to live a quality life. Crucial to maintaining that quality is astute observation that detects subtle changes and allows correction of specific diseases before they become major problems.

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