Welcome to the March 2006 ILRe-port!
Important announcements from the ILR
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REMINDER: Membership needed to vote in upcoming election |
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A NEW I Want A Llama publication will be coming out this spring. You have an opportunity to reach new llama owners by being included in the advertising section for a mere $50. |
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Events Calendar |
From the Registrar - Jan L. Wassink
March 2006
Dear Llama Friends,
Spring is coming!
National Llama Conference
It was exciting to participate in an ‘organizational conference call’ for a national llama conference on March 1st. The call itself wasn’t the exciting part, the idea of a national conference was – I remember the days long gone by when ‘llama’ people would get together at national conferences. Those were good times. I think it might be time for them again. Personally I think ‘llama people’ are some of the most wonderful people in the world and I, for one, would like to get together with them at a national conference. Obviously, the numbers and details need to work out – that’s what’s being discussed at this time.
There were representatives from six different llama organizations present on the call. After some discussion, it was concluded that the idea of a national llama conference was worth pursuing and a couple of members of the group volunteered to pull together some comparative figures on costs.
Another call is scheduled for March 15 to make a decision to go for it in 2007 or not. If you have thoughts about the feasibility of a national llama conference or suggestions you would like to communicate, send an email to llamaconference@lamaregistry.com and it will be forwarded to the group.
If your group was not able to have a representative on the first call, it is not too late. Send an email to the above email address and we will get your representative the necessary information to participate on the next call.
The ILR Announces 2007 Board of Director’s Candidates
The annual Board of Director’s election is coming up soon. We have three candidates this year, (in alphabetical order) Barb Baker from Ohio, David Seiffert from Massachusetts, and Mark Smith from Indiana vying for the one open position. If you are not a current member of the ILR and want to have a voice in which of these fine people gets to serve you on the board of the ILR, you will need to join or renew your membership before March 15.
You should receive your ballot package around the end of the month so if you do not receive it, let the ILR office know and we will get one to you.
Thank You,
Jan L Wassink
PS - I will be attending both the Celebrity Sale and the spring Hartman Sale so if you are at one of those events and have any questions or comments, I would be happy to talk with you.
Publisher's Note: Established lama owners are well aware of this problem but there are many newcomers to the lama community and it is prudent that we run this article for them and as a reminder to the rest of us.
The llama’s name was Nathan (Hale) and he was alone in a 15 x 20 area. He had a thick heavy rope around his neck, dragging it along with him with every step as he paced the fence line. Nathan’s rope was long and it curled under and around his feet as he paced. - sometimes tripping and sometimes catching himself. His shelter consisted of a worn out tattered tarp tied to the barbed wire fence which had fallen apart and down. When it rained he would try to get under it. The owner told them (the first couple). Nathan’s living conditions were not acceptable. The concerned couple, who had llamas of their own, saw Nathan and knew his situation had to change quickly. Inquiries were made to the owner who said they had purchased Nathan to be a guard for their animals. The previous owner told them Nathan was a horse guardian and that he was approximately three years old. He was also intact, so of course the reaction of a mare with her foal that he was supposed to protect was not a pleasant one. Nathan was put in this small temporary catch pen, due to the lack of knowledge of the present owner knowing what to do with him. The owner seemed to think that the previous owner was heavy handed and thought the llama had attacked him at some point.
The concerned couple did not have the facilities to house another llama, therefore contacted a farm that deals with rescue and rehabilitation of llamas. This farm would be Nathan’s chance to have a great quality of life living with other llamas. The couple was thrilled Nathan would have such a home, but they now had to contact the present owners again. They agreed to purchase (the owners would not release him without monetary compensation) and transport Nathan to his new home. When they arrived at the farm to pick up the llama, the couple walked over to the fence to meet Nathan. He reached out and pushed his nose against the man’s shoulder with some force. They were surprised by the reaction. Nathan’s condition was examined by the couple. He’d not been sheared, had not been given shots, had halter scars on his nose and bridge (the owners mentioned they had removed an ingrown halter, but not the rope, when they brought him home) and his toenails were the longest the couple had ever seen on a llama. Nathan, they were told, had chest butted and wrapped his front legs around the female owner. She was unhurt but she knew he could be aggressive. The couple had no experience dealing with him. Nathan did not have a halter on, only the long rope, so the man brought one of his halters. He climbed over the fence and got halfway into the area when Nathan chest butted him. The man pulled himself up but not before Nathan reared up, put his front legs on the man’s shoulders and began trying to bite his head. The llama had to be haltered over the fence. It was only when Nathan felt a halter that he froze for a moment, which gave them the opportunity to finish putting on the halter and lead. The owners then had to cut down the barbed wire fence because there was no gate. Nathan looked shocked when led to the trailer and fought before getting into it. Once inside the trailer, the man quickly cut the heavy rope off of Nathan’s neck. During this whole ordeal the woman owner told them that he was being good today. When she was told that this was not normal llama behavior, she seemed surprised. She raised alpacas on her farm, but had never had a llama before this. On the drive to Nathan’s new home the couple spoke about him. They had never seen such aggressive behavior before and they were worried. They hoped that is was just bad behavior and that being worked with daily and living with other llamas would change Nathan’s outlook on life. In their hearts they hoped that he wasn’t a berserk male.
Nathan arrived at the new farm and was very nervous. Although this is an expected reaction, upon taking his first walk about, Nathan proceeded to casually chest butt his new owner (the second couple) and to spit. The man had some training techniques taught to him and proceeded to let Nathan know that he was behaving with bad manners. Nathan’s reaction was fear and then good behavior. Nathan was then taken to an adjoining field above the other llamas on the farm. All the other llamas rushed over to see who the new guy was. At no time did Nathan show even the slightest interest in the other llamas. Nathan’s only concern seemed to be searching the ground and looking behind him as though he was searching for . . . the rope.
As it happened, the farm’s vet was coming the next day, so after a hurried call to the clinic office, it was arranged that the vet would geld and vaccinate Nathan.
The following morning Nathan ate supplement from a bucket in the catch pen. He been chowing down on all that good grass the previous afternoon and seemed to enjoy this treat as well. But, he would return to the pasture and to the outer most reaches of the fence, always pawing and looking at the ground as though he were searching for the rope that had been his only companion. Upon the vet arriving, Nathan was let into a catch pen and the woman went in to put a lead rope on in order to maneuver Nathan for the vet. After standing for a few moments while the vet readied his equipment, Nathan rose up and chest butted the woman against the fence panel three times. As the woman gained her footing she went into the Mallon Macarena and this put Nathan into fear and a still stance. Nathan’s rope was then slip knotted to a corner post and shots to anesthetize him were administered. The gelding procedure was routine – then came the removal of the fighting teeth. The first couple had been told by previous owners that Nathan was three years old. Upon inspection by the vet, he thought Nathan was closer to eight or nine years old. Then the area the rope had been around his neck was looked at; this was a tunneled, callused area looking very much like the palm of a gorilla. It had been rubbed raw, healed, infected and so on, repeatedly. Considering the amount of skin damage and the appearance of the felted hair (Nathan didn’t appear to have ever been sheared, fortunately he was a light-wooled llama) the rope may have been on him for a year to a year and a half. Nathan also had, throughout the front sides and hindquarters, numerous lacerations from the barbed wire. These markings were also on his head, ears and neck. The vet then gave vaccinations, penicillin and a strong dose of Ivomectin.
The vet then visited the other llamas, seeing to their needs and waited to leave until Nathan was up and walking. Because of the cold temperatures, Nathan was going to require numerous walks to insure good healing from the gelding surgery. So, that afternoon, within the pasture, Nathan was walked about every two hours. By the end of the day he was feeling better and again tried to check butt and again got the dance. The next morning the supplement bucket was taken down by the woman. When Nathan ran to the gate, the woman just held the bucket forward to let him start eating right away rather than taking time to feed him in the catch pen. Nathan came in one motion up on the gate and grabbed the jacket sleeve in his mouth and yanked. The woman pulled away as Nathan put his head through the gate slats and grabbed towards her legs. The woman put the bucket in front of his nose in hopes that he was just anxious for the feed. Nathan’s repeated thrusts over the gate told the woman that this was not the case. Later on the man took Nathan out for a walk. They went up through the field and things appeared okay. Upon heading back, Nathan suddenly attacked and knocked the man down. The man then got up and flayed his hat at Nathan who then went into fear mode and was led back into the pasture.
As the days wore on, Nathan began to know when they were coming out of the house. The next morning, the woman was going to clean the hen house which is located about 200 yards from Nathan’s gate on his side. As the woman walked out the hen house door, she heard Nathan and looked up to see him charging the gate. With his head down on the final approach, his pace was slowed enough that he wasn’t able to ford the gate. But repeated pouncing was appearing ominous. The woman left his sight and Nathan calmed down and went back to his outpost. The scenario was repeated numerous times that day. Assuming that Nathan was getting the exercise he needed to heal, a walk seemed unnecessary.
By this time, the other llamas were well aware of something going on, but even their attention to Nathan didn’t rouse his interest in them even the slightest. Nathan was now completely unapproachable. If he was approached, the outcomes were disastrous for the man or woman.
This now had become a full blown Berserk Male. Over these days, every effort and every excuse had been used. Nathan’s life was now in the balance. A berserk male can happen overnight but in Nathan’s case he’d had many years to perfect his behavior. He’d obviously had no llama contact. His conformation was quite poor to begin with so he was probably a cheap “throw away” llama sold to an unsuspecting soul who didn’t know how to properly handle and care for camelids. His life went from bad to worse with cruel treatment for reasons we cannot even begin to attest to. He then came to yet another situation where the people still didn’t know enough about camelids, let alone how to handle or recognize the problems that Nathan had. Nathan’s saving grace wasn’t exactly the last couple who found him, but rather that less knowledgeable people could have been seriously hurt by him. The two couples involved talked this situation out at length and there was only one solution – euthanasia.
There will be some of you out there reading this saying, “How could they do that?”
Don’t you ever think that this is an easy decision. We know that there are some who think that berserk males can be “saved.” But what kind of life would it be for Nathan to have a constant battle with the people who care for him, to be severely physically contained or anesthetized for needed procedures and put in with a species he couldn’t relate to because he’d never been around them? These animals (and yes, it can happen to females too) are not of the temperament we in the camelid community have come to know. They are vicious, mean spirited and must be very sad. More to the point, they are dangerous to people. Unfortunately, it is people who have created them. This doesn’t happen in the wild. We people have made them what they are by our own ignorance. There is enough information out there now to inform people on the ins and outs of raising camelids. In the end, it isn’t we who pay the price for our ignorance – this time it was Nathan.
Publisher's Note: You can check out the Berserk Male Syndrome condition further on the www.llamapaedia.com web site. This article was reprinted from the Michigan Lama Association Newsletter Volume 10, Issue 2. For a perspective on some specific Guidelines for Spending Time with Crias and Young Llamas (Part 1 of 2) – check out the article in this issue by the same name.
Guidelines for Spending Time with Crias and Young Llamas - Part 1 of 2
– by Gwen Ingram and Jim Krowka
Editor's Note: This is Part 1 of a lengthy article. It is very informative information and it's advantageous to run it along with the berserk male article. We broke it up into two parts because of the length so look for Part 2 in April.
Although humans and llamas coexist in a domesticated social environment, we humans are with our llamas only a small portion of the llamas’ lives. The time we spend with them gives them their only clues how to perceive our role in their world. Our role depends on how we shape it – each and every time we interact with any llama, particularly young, impressionable ones. If we don’t define ourselves clearly, then our llamas will do it for us.
The ideal goal for both human and llama is for humans to be respected without being frightening. Being respected equates directly with our personal safety. Even a 100-pound young llama has the ability to harm a human, and a 300-pound adult has even more potential for harm. Having respect for us means that the llama will ensure there will be no uninvited physical contact with us, even when s/he is in the throes of an instinctive reaction – just as would be true for a respected llama in his or her herd.
Not being frightening equates directly with comfort for llamas and the very gratification we humans seek from having them around. Having a domestic companion animal that is afraid of humans is, to say the least, a contradiction. Having a chronically difficult-to-catch llama isn’t what any human really wants, even if many humans do accept it. And from the llama’s point of view, not being scared is vastly preferably to being even a bit nervous, let alone petrified.
To Handle or Not to Handle
Of all aspects of cria management, cria handling (or not handling) has historically generated the most comment and controversy. One extreme viewpoint insists that not handling crias is the only sure means to a safe adult lama who respects humans’ comfort around humans is not considered important. The opposite extreme advocates early handling to make lamas comfortable around humans without making any distinction between good and bad early handling, and thus respect and future safety is left to chance.
The “no handling” model of cria management is sometimes a matter of convenience or circumstances, but as a deliberate practice, it is overwhelmingly advocated a “play it safe” policy. Handling normal crias is strictly avoided, and contact is minimized when handling is absolutely necessary (such as when treating a sick cria or bottle-feeding one who has lost its mother). All socialization is with llamas and by llamas. “No handling” does prevent llamas from becoming comfortable with us during the developmental period when they divide their world into, llamas, dangerous not-llamas and safe not-llamas. It does not, however, prevent disrespectful and dangerous behavior as proponents claim. Later handing (and the llama’s individual inherited tendencies) can still result in aggression directed at humans. Many of the “attack” llamas we have rehabilitated were not handled at all until after weaning. So, even if “no handling” works for some, it’s important to understand it does not guarantee future safe behavior.
Early handling with no structure or responsibilities for the crias does indeed result in disrespectful adolescent and adult llamas; indeed, the effects of disrespect for humans are as – or perhaps more – dramatic and frightening than in any other domestic species. However, it is critical to make the distinction between good, structured handling that results in respect and disrespect. There is no such thing as “over handling” a cria or young lama. Anything deemed “too much” is not good handling, but rather can be demonstrated to be flawed in some way.
Llamas do not have to be afraid of humans for us to be safe; this has been proven over and over. Llamas’ early interactions with humans need to be structured carefully to be sure that each of the two important goals (comfort around us and respect for us) can be achieved without compromising the other. This becomes possible when humans have learned how best to deliberately shape their role and each cria’s perception of humans through clearly enforcing correct social behavior toward humans whenever we’re around llamas. We become mentors – neither peers nor parents but an important part of the lama world – and in so doing, we accept responsibility for young llamas’ future wellbeing.
The Importance of Natural Socialization
Regardless of how much humans do or do not handle crias, what crias, weanlings, and yearlings learn about llama society and their place in it from other llamas is essential to their future mental health and social comfort. Crias of the dominant female often present some special management challenge precisely because they could get away with anything for the first portion of their lives from actually annoying other llamas to simply not paying attention to important social issues, such as where other llamas were standing. If such a cria is female and remains in her mother’s herd, she may remain “socially retarded” for her entire life, and may not be able to fit in when her mother dies or is removed.
Although correct socialization for unweaned crias is certainly very important, an even more crucial age is from weaning through 2-3 years of age. Young llamas get taller, become more confident, and thus gain social status if they are kept with a herd of adults. If they're only with peers, they still get taller, become more confident and try to climb the social ladder all the way to the top. The difference is that most assertive young llamas in a peer-only group have a greater risk of thinking they are King of the Known World, this impression can extend to non-llamas they interact with, including humans.
We have found that, even with crias who have not been handled much prior to this stage, incorrect, haphazard, and blundering socialization with humans during this time – especially coupled with the wrong dispositional tendencies – results in the llama making the rules and progressing swiftly to levels of misdirected territorial aggression similar to those generally associated with improperly handled crias. During this stage is when young male llamas’ testing just what they can do with the world and what the world can do for them escalates, and they are very naturally predisposed to use physical force when things don’t go their way (they’ve already been practicing with their peers). They start looking for ways to put their boredom to use. The guy who’s number six out of six sees a newcomer (usually a llama, but perhaps a human) and thinks, “YES!!! Here comes number SEVEN!” And on top of it all, the ol’ hormones start kicking in, for some llamas sooner and stronger than for others, exacerbating and magnifying all of these perfectly normal tendencies to acquire social standing and territory.
To summarize, placing young llamas with safe, mature llamas after weaning makes an enormous positive difference in the juveniles understanding the benefits of respecting others; and, the amount of time we handle them (and even the way we handle them) cannot begin to compensate for the lessons they learn from older llamas about unavoidable social consequences for transgressions and why it is better to make the effort to get along with others.
Learn and Use Llama Rules to Instill Respect Without Fear
In order to learn how to be a successful mentor to crias in terms that they can easily understand, the most important initial step is to pay attention to acceptable and unacceptable behavior in llama society, and the consequences thereof. Sit down for a day and watch a group of adults and crias interact. You will likely witness quite a bit of corrective responses for improper entry into another’s space directed at crias (particularly older crias) by the adult llamas. You can learn which behaviors are acknowledged and which ones are not, and how that is done.
A cria (particularly a younger cria) entering an adult’s space may not be acknowledged unless that entry is accompanied by other action (pushing, rubbing, mouthing or attempting to nurse, for example). When the cria is new, some adults may blow in its nose, but just as many adults don’t, and most inspect the newcomer on their own terms and for as long as they want, and baby has to just tolerate it. Adult llamas certainly don’t bend over the cria who is being submissive and looking for a free lunch, look him/her in the eyes and say “My what a cute, CUTE, KEEEUUUUUUUUTE little cria you are!!!!” (Bet you know at least one human who does that, don’t you?)
Notice that adults (other than mother) certainly don’t hum back. When a cria walks over into another female’s space (i.e. not its mother) and says, “I’m a baby, you got any milk for me? I can smell it! Give me some milk, now!” (a warbling hum), the response is more than likely to be translatable as “I’m NOT your mother, and if you stick your nose any closer, I’ll turn it so green you won’t be able to eat for hours!” Certainly the adult females doesn’t flip her tail over, put her neck down, and squeal ecstatically (mixed message no matter how you look at it). What must a cria think when a human does something that seem like submission combined with long, loud squealing? Certainly the conclusion is not that humans are respectable adults!
There are many different ways to reinforce social rules in language that crias will automatically understand. Watch the adult llamas and they will teach you! There are many nonphysical and mildly physical ways to intimidate and correct a cria who is being disrespectful, including towering over them, walking at them, and putting our hands close to their eyes (because our necks are too short and less effective than our arms or a llama’s neck). One other correction we have at our disposal is to grab fiber (the cria will supply the pull when it automatically moves away).
A critical element that is often missed by humans is to release the pressure, intimidation, or corrective measure quickly once the cria has yielded (moved away). This cannot be overemphasized because llamas learn from the release of pressure. In other words, they will remember what they did to make the pressure stop, and if you fail to make the pressure stop, they’ll assume that whatever they did (even if it’s what you wanted) was the wrong thing to do.
Although you may hear that humans shouldn’t spit on llamas “because it will teach them to spit back,” we find this to be totally false. We’ve seen llamas spit at all many of specie that certainly never spat at llamas first. Disrespect for us and fear of us are what prompts spitting at us.
We avoid spitting at llamas ourselves except as a last resort because, try as we might, we can’t get our spit to stink. We need our spits to be taken as one of those “un-oh, s/he’s getting really mad now!” warning. Interestingly, once a cria has endured the aftermath of being slimed by another llama, one spit from us almost always provokes the memory-triggered “bad mouth” and results in the cria being more respectful in the future such that we don’t have to reveal that saliva spit is all we can manage.
RULES FOR ACHIEVING RESPECTFUL BEHAVIOR IN LLAMAS
The following rules, guidelines, and lessons will help you make clear to a young llama just where humans fit into their lives. As a mentor, you will be primary source of information about humans and the primary force that shapes young llamas’ view of us, and thus, you are the primary guardian of their futures.
Rules for Llamas to Follow and Mentors to Enforce:
These are rules that llama society uses, but adapted for llama-human interaction. When you enforce these rules, that tells llamas, especially crias and weanlings, in clear llama language that humans are to be respected, too.
If you are feeding in such a way that you CAN correct bad behavior and reinforce good behavior, and if you are structuring feeding in a way that makes competition between llamas impossible, threats rarely occur. When they do, you will know that the llama in question is directing the threat at you and is genuinely out of line, and the threat can be dealt with very promptly and clearly. We’ve had a few yearling males spit (out of impatience) at the human who was about to provide them with their food. They were both promptly removed from their feeding area by the wool and they went without their pellets that night. Neither of these llamas has given any indication that they would consider trying THAT (or any other misconduct) again – because it didn’t work, and the clear negative consequences were understood by each one of them very well.
To be continued . . .
Editor's Note: Look for Part 2 in the April ILRe-port -- to include info on: Rules for Human Mentors to Follow and Importnat Lessons for Humans to Teach to Young Llamas.
USAHA News Release on the recent USAHA/AAVLD meeting in Washington . D.C.
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United States Animal Health Association |
STRENGTHENING VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC LAB NETWORK IS CRITICAL
Richmond, VA – Feb. 24, 2006 – Strengthening the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) was a primary focus of the joint meeting of the Government Relations Committees and other officials of the United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) and the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) in Washington, D.C., Feb. 12-16.
According to Dr. Bret Marsh, Indiana State Veterinarian and USAHA president, only 12 of the nation’s 37 state and university veterinary diagnostic laboratories are now “up to speed” - that is, supplied with modern up-to-date equipment and trained technicians so they can deal with foreign animal disease outbreaks. “With the nation currently facing the threat of H5N1 avian influenza, laboratory diagnostic capability is critical,” Marsh said.
The NAHLN, which began as a pilot project in 2002, is currently composed of just 12 state and university veterinary diagnostic laboratories linked together with a secure communication, reporting and alert system. These laboratories have been provided with upgraded equipment and personnel to give them the capability to make preliminary diagnoses of certain foreign animal diseases, such as avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and classical swine fever (CSF – also known as hog cholera). The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) National Veterinary Services Laboratories and Plum Island Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, where diagnosis of foreign diseases is confirmed, are also part of the NAHLN.
Funding for up-to-date equipment, laboratory reagents and trained personnel is essential to bring the remaining laboratories up to speed. “This will enable the United States not only to better deal with endemic animal diseases,” Marsh said, “but also outbreaks of foreign animal disease - whether introduced accidentally or by terrorist groups.” Full implementation of the NAHLN will cost $85 million for equipment and materials plus $30 million annually for operating expenses at the upgraded laboratories.
“Quick and accurate laboratory diagnosis is key to the control and eventual elimination of animal diseases,” he added.
Marsh pointed out that if an outbreak of avian influenza or some other foreign animal disease were to occur, our current laboratory diagnostic capability could be quickly overwhelmed. “If action is not taken to remedy this situation,” he said, “we will be facing the same kind of criticism now being leveled at Hurricane Katrina responders.”
Another topic receiving attention at the joint USAHA/AAVLD Washington meeting was the National Animal Identification System (NAIS). In January, USAHA officials met with Agriculture Secretary Michael Johanns and offered to host a jointly facilitated session on the NAIS. Marsh said the objective of such a meeting would be to assemble a small group of key industry representatives to move plans for a national animal identification system forward. The USAHA proposal is currently under consideration by USDA.
Other issues addressed at the USAHA/AAVLD meeting included veterinary accreditation programs, surveillance for animal and poultry diseases, emergency management systems for foreign animal diseases, and plans for dealing with both low-pathogenic and high-pathogenic avian influenza.
The USAHA/AAVLD Washington meeting involved discussions with a number of government and industry groups, including officials of USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) as well as officials of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). The USAHA/AAVLD group also met with representatives of the Animal Agriculture Coalition (AAC), the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC).
USAHA, the nation's animal health forum for over a century, is a science-based, national organization made up of representatives from state and federal animal health agencies, other federal government agencies, veterinarians, university researchers, laboratory diagnosticians, wildlife disease experts, producer groups and national allied industry organizations. Founded in 1897, USAHA addresses issues of animal health and disease control, food safety, public health, homeland security and animal welfare. AAVLD coordinates diagnostic activities of regulatory, research and services laboratories and disseminates information relating to diagnosis of animal diseases. The two organizations meet jointly each fall. This year’s meeting will be in Minneapolis, Minn., Oct. 12-19.
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LLAMA BREEDER/OUTFITTER in beautiful Boulder, Wyoming looking for full time, long term help. High energy, llama lover. Duties include all aspects of llama care, pack llama training, conditioning, including trail time. Housing provided. 307-537-3310 or www.llamaAdventure.com for more information. (3-2-07)
23-acre hobby farm FOR SALE! 3 miles S. of Fergus Falls, MN. 3-bedroom home--all electric. 40x40 barn, 40x60 quonset, split-rail fence. $290,000 (with 25 llamas $300,000). (218) 736-4707 or e-mail to grammaj@prtel.com. (2-4-06)
LLAMAS FOR SALE: Reasonable prices. Quality animals since 1982 - www.silversagellamas.com (2-5-06)
Advertisers' Index
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